In Making the Most of Foreign Factories by Kasra Ferdows (Notes)

* Not tapping into the full potential of foreign factories * Only use them for benefit of tariffs and trade concessions, cheap labor, etc. * Some companies do use them to full potential and gain exponentially from it. * Use them for the previous reasons mentioned, but also to get closer to their customer and suppliers, to attract skilled and talenterd employees, and create centers of expertise for the entire company. The answer for why these two approaches lies in the managers hands, which they have answered a simple yet fundamental question: How can a factory located outside a company’s home country be used as a competitive weapon not only in the markets that ir directly serves but also in every market served by the company? * Ex. Some managers don’t consider manufacturing to be a source of competitive advantage, they will establish factories with a narrow strategic scope, which they provide those factories with limited resources. In contrast if they do†¦then they will be productive and innovative by achieving many goals. Lower tariffs are causing foreign plants to close * Increase in sophistication of manufacturing and product development and the growing importance of having world-class suppliers are causing more multinationals to place less emphasis on low wages. * Factories are being strategically placed in foreign countries where they can have the most advanced infrastructure and workers skills, rather than in the areas that offer merely the lowest wages. * Companies are concentrating production and development in the same organization. * Servers companies * Moving horizontally across the matrix

Business Model Comparison Essay

The transportation and logistics industry is a six hundred and seventy billion dollar a year industry according to SJ Consulting Group. A logistics company helps transport people, cargo, and merchandise, by land, or sea. It consists of many channels of transportation, which include freight trains, cargo ships, and planes. Logistics and transportation companies are an important part of everyday business and life. The need of exports and imports on an international scale can only happen through a transportation company. If a family decides to move cross-country or over seas, it is planned through a transportations company. What has made the difference in most popular logistics companies is the difference in their business models and what logistic purpose they are here to meet. Locally we have two carriers that are an everyday household name; lets understand the difference if any in there set up, and business matrix. When people think of transportation delivery services there are two na mes that come to mind and that is UPS and FedEx. These two brands are leaders and competitors in the transportation industry and have built a sustainable competitive advantage. When looking at these companies they seem to operate in the same manner, but there are differences that separate them in business. Business Model Forms Business model for FedEx is something that has shown to have controversy within the industry. FedEx currently uses the contractor base business model. This is where each employee is basically a contractor for FedEx. FedEx is largely credited with having pioneered the â€Å"independent contractor† work model in the logistics industry. Under this system, workers function as self-employed drivers with their own routes, covering the costs of their own trucks, gasoline, uniforms and so forth. While corporations claim the contractor system gives drivers flexibility and strong incentives as â€Å"small businesses,† critics say it’s simply a way to shift the costs of employment onto workers and avoid payroll taxes and workers’-compensation costs. (  Reagan Appointee ‘Unravels FedEx’s Business Model’ In Court Ruling) United Parcel Service (UPS) has been in business for 66 years longer than FedEx. Its longevity gives the company seniority in delivery services over FedEx. When looking at UPS you can see their ability to partner with businesses throughout the years across the globe being their key source in transporting their products. â€Å"For a global book wholesaler, green business is good business. When the company wanted to reduce the amount of paper it used in its supply chain, it turned to long-time provider UPS to find the answer. UPS developed the world’s first paperless solution for generating international shipping documentation digitally, which not only helped the company meet its environmental goals but also improved the wholesaler’s order accuracy while saving time and money (â€Å"There Is Huge Competitive Advantage in Logistics†, 2010). † Staying innovative is UPS’ competitive advantage. FedEx is a business that operates with over 300,000 employees and has managed to grow this big in less than half a century. With its recent approach towards bettering the environment with using eco-friendly products throughout the company FedEx is showing a care for the world as a competitive advantage. They are using equipment that produces less pollution along with staff that strategically planned shorter routes to minimize equipment use. The products used to ship products, such as boxes; envelopes and FedEx office store supplies are recycled and reused. Advantages and Disadvantages Two companies like Fed Ex and UPS are the biggest type of ownership in business. They are both publicly traded companies and have a huge part on the stock market. Let’s take a look at some advantages and disadvantages of this type of ownership. Going public is an expensive, time-consuming process. A corporation must put its affairs in order and prepare reports and disclosures that comply with U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission regulations concerning initial public offerings. Taking your company public increases the potential liability of the company and its officers and directors for mismanagement. By law, a public corporation has an obligation  to its shareholders to maximize shareholder profits and disclose operational information. The capital of a public company is generally raised from the public. People belonging to all walks of life throughout the country can buy shares, which are priced at low levels. The liability of members of a public company is limited. They have to face limited risk. The shares of a public company are freely transferable. This makes investment in the shares liquid and an investor is not bound to remain with the company. There is unlimited scope for growth and expansion of business. New shares can be used to raise additional capital. Experts can be employed to manage the increasing business activities. Conclusion Longevity and innovation is definitely the name of the game in any type of business model. Both FedEx and UPS have met their match in the logistics industry. FedEx gives a more liberal way of business by giving the drivers a small business set up, and UPS is looking to stay a few steps ahead of the game with trends like being environmental friendly, saving natural resources, cutting costs, and using technology to make logistics run more efficiently. Combined parcel carriers like FedEx and UPS are growing vigorously because of solid matrix models and the need of their existence. It is imperative in the scope of businesses that its components are solid, smooth sailing, and always one step ahead of the game. References A Better Future. (1995-2012). Retrieved from http://earthsmart.van.fedex.com/ This is a hanging indent. To keep the Reagan Appointee ‘Unravels FedEx’s Business Model’ In Court Ruling) There is Huge Competitive Advantage in Logistics. (2010). Retrieved from http://www.ogilvy.com/News/Press-Releases/September-2010-New-UPS-Campaign.aspx U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission: Going Public http://www.preservearticles.com/2012022823825/what-are-the-advantages-of-a-public-company.html

Social Performance of a Company, Part 2 Research Paper

Social Performance of a Company, Part 2 - Research Paper Example Thereby, my organization titled Tencel Corporation intends to put into effect a comprehensive and effective code of conduct that abides by the principles established by the United States Sentencing Commission (2012) guidelines chapter 8 section 8B2.1.with regards to an effectual compliance and ethics plan. Tencel Corporation operates in the communications services industry, our business activity is governed by the purpose of achieving our primary corporate objectives which are profit maximization and maintaining shareholder value. The achievement of the aforementioned corporate objectives however must be met by conforming to ethical guidelines and developing a successful decision-making process which takes into account the interests of both the shareholders and stakeholders of the company. For the purposes of designing the code of conduct for Tencel Corporation, the codes of conduct of three key companies within the communications services industry will be assessed, these companies i nclude AT&T, Verizon and CenturyLink. The code of conduct created by AT&T aligns the responsibilities of the members of the organization and expects all employees to obey to the guidelines that have been designed to promote the concept of integrity within the business environment (AT&T 2013). AT&T understands that its foremost commitment should be towards upholding honesty in all operations and activities of the organization which is the foundation of the implementation of AT&T’s code of conduct (AT&T 2013). According to Chapter 8 section 8B2.1. of the United States Sentencing Commission (2012) guidelines a company is expected to advance an organizational culture that is based on the promotion of ethical standards and obedience of governmental legislations and laws, however, the establishment of an organizational culture based on the aforementioned principles is not explicitly observable in the code of conduct developed by AT&T even though a significant portion of the ethical guidelines propagate the creation of an inclusive workplace environment (AT&T 2013). On the contrary, Verizon advocates the sustenance of an organizational culture based on integrity (Verizon) while at CenturyLink, the management intends to internalize and incorporate the ‘Unifying Principles’ of the company within each and every member of the CenturyLink team in order to establish an organizational culture which rests on the fundamentals on which the company was founded (CenturyLink). The code of conducts of all three organizations that were assessed for the purposes of this assessment maintain a non-retaliation policy and all of the properties of the companies such as the assets, intellectual property, reputation, brand name and research are protected by the placement of several measures that are explained in the code of conducts designed by Verizon and CenturyLink, however, AT&T’s policies with regards to the protection of its assets are not defined in a clea r manner. Practices related to employee placement, working conditions, diversity and health and safety regulations are also addressed (AT&T 2013; Verizon; CenturyLink). Bethoux et al. (2007) note that an analysis of the code of condu

HEALTHCARE ETHICS AND END OF LIFE DECISIONS Essay - 4

HEALTHCARE ETHICS AND END OF LIFE DECISIONS - Essay Example Given a situation where the patient prefers death, the physician has a responsibility to provide valid information on the patient’s health, avail options of handling the illness and providing final options. In cases where the doctor decides to help with death, they assume the final responsibility of administering the lethal injection. This seems a rather controversial issue faced with a need to establish direction, so the legal fraternity has joined the debate. The aim is to establish a legal framework that guides physicians in decisions regarding assisted suicide. The mandate of establishing these laws has largely fallen under the state governments. At the moment, almost every state has a legal guideline on assisted deaths, though there is lack of the specific connection to physicians. It is quite obvious that they are also addressed under the very laws. The law under the States outlines that anyone who deliberately permits, aids, advises, coerces or encourages another to terminate their life commits manslaughter. Some laws go further to specific legal repercussions such as imprisonment. Given the position of the law and the need for compassion, especially for terminally ill patients, controversy arises. This has required court’s interpretation. Several of these cases, touching on physician-assisted suicide, have been heard across American Courts. An example is Washington et al. v. Glucksberg et al. argued in Supreme Court of the United States. The case involved physicians who had sought the indulgence of the court to declare unconstitutional the existent ban on assisted suicide. The Court, though specific to Washington, upheld the law noting assisted suicide as a crime under law (Washington et al. v. Glucksberg et al). Looking through these presentations it is clear that the law, as indicated and interpreted by the Court, is against assisted suicide. Under these circumstances, it is proper

OnTyme - professional personnel engaged in medicine, technical support Research Proposal

OnTyme - professional personnel engaged in medicine, technical support services or emergency services - Research Proposal Example To succeed, it needs to attract and retain a growing base of satisfied customers. Marketing is the tool to bring in customers to a business and has two important principles. All company policies and activities should be tailored towards customer needs and profitable sales volume is more important than maximum sales volume. An appropriate marketing plan will aim at trying to get visibility for its existing brand of "OnTyme" watches as well as the new teenage brand of watches named "Wotch" it. It is common knowledge that no one product will satisfy all kinds of consumers. Therefore, information about the market is invaluable and timely relevant information needs to be obtained. It is impossible to sell products or services that customers do not want. Learning what customers want, and how to present it attractively, drives the need for marketing research. Market research will also demonstrate trends that may show the necessity to enhance an existing product or create a new one. Demographics, Population shifts, legislation passed, and the economic conditions of a market often determine the purchasing power of the buyer in the market place. Market research may also be employed to ascertain the value of a competitor's product and its associated value so that a comparative perceived value could be created for "OnTyme"s product as well. Most business owners ... Analyzing returned items, asking former customers for their feedback, and looking at competitor's prices are all examples of such research. Formal marketing research provides a framework to organize market information. Conducting survey of a sample population to determine their views on the "OnTyme" and competitor brands, Collecting primary data through mail surveys and email questionnaires Personal surveys in high traffic areas like malls, supermarkets etc Probability sampling that identifies who will be interested in purchase of wristwatches, the teen targeted "wotch" brand and the watch with the built in pager based on age, income and gender preferences. Identifying the target segment The target segment for the "OnTyme" might be adults purchasing a watch for their own use, buying it as a gift for someone else, for the "Wotch It" it would be the teenagers and youth, or adults purchasing it for the younger group as a gift. The watch with the built in pager may look at a different segment that is employed and needs to be on call and reachable at all times or parents of teenagers and youth, because the teenagers are now locatable, thanks to their pagers and is a great relief for the adults. Marketing Strategy Once a wider customer base is identified, "OnTyme" needs to formulate a marketing strategy to serve its customers better and align the product to the identified needs of the customer. Ideally, the strategy should address niche needs of the customer especially if there are gaps that need to be filled. This would ensure potential profitability. A good strategy helps a business focus on the target markets it can serve best. Target Marketing Target Marketing helps the concentration of the efforts in the key market

Paraphrasing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Paraphrasing - Essay Example The first reading speed test that I took resulted in a score of 200 words per minute (http://www.readingsoft.com). This score is above average, so it proves that my reading rate is pretty good. The test recommended that I use the FReader software to improve my speed even further. After practicing with this software, I took another test to determine my reading rate (http://learn.eku.edu/webapps/portal/frameset). This website helped me to improve my reading speed considerably. Another website that I used was called Rocket Reader. This assisted me with reading speed, fluency, vocabulary, comprehension, and stamina. I took this test and received a score of 250-350 words per minute, which was above average. However, it told me that I could improve even further, perhaps up to 500 words per minute, after taking more tests on the Rocket Reader website (http://www.speedreaderxreview.com/free-online-reading-speeding-test). I was pleased with my score with this one: 537 words per minute. The analysis showed that I was an above average reader. It said that if I could this speed up consistently then I should have no problem reading this fast when reading casually. The website also recommended other techniques to help my reading rate even further. The last website that I used told me about the different categories of reading rates. Also mentioned was the steps on how to become a fast

Answerthe question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Answerthe question - Essay Example But can such issues bring about programmatic changes in Muslim societies? In the current context of a referendum on the issue of banning minarets, the media criticized it by proclaiming it â€Å"pure discrimination† by LA Times, â€Å"disgraceful† by New York Times, not paying any focus on the expression of the Muslim societies. In the fear that Muslims are trying to create a â€Å"parallel society† in Europe, the ban was voted that favor the demolition of minarets by 57 percent of the voters. Muslims didn’t react on the issue. Earlier eggs were thrown by the Muslims on Baroness Sayeeda Warsi, a leading Muslim politician in England. Such acts help in presenting a wrong image of the community. In the words of the Swiss Islamic scholar Ramadan, â€Å"Muslims have striven to remain hidden in order to avoid a clash. It would have been more useful to create new alliances with all these Swiss organizations and political parties that were clearly against the initiative† (Amanullah 2009). Not weighing much on Ramadan’s su ggestions to the Muslim community on the issue of banning minarets, important issues need to be attended, which are Muslim’s isolation from the democratic forces, their insistence on following traditions in the name of religion – traditions which are not relevant with the changing times. Muslims the world over should express their views on violence, terrorist attacks, women rights, democracy, and their relations with the West. The movie ‘Who Speaks for Islam? What a Billion Muslims Really Think’ written jointly by Georgetown University professor John Esposito and Dalia Mogahed, Executive Director of the Gallup Center for Muslim Studies, raises issues like political liberty and freedom of speech that have come to the forefront to be explored and followed by the Muslim society to bring programmatic changes (Reef & Suhail 2009). Political liberty and freedom of speech are more demanding issues, as they are

Scholarship application Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Scholarship application - Essay Example I was brought up in a small village in Kenya where I was inspired by my grandmother’s ability to offer herbal medicines to many villagers who could not afford or access medical services. Having moved to Kenya’s capital, Nairobi, where I pursued a degree in mass communication, I witnessed how difficult it is for people to access basic services, including healthcare and sanitation. I also worked as a relief worker with Kenya Red Cross and Red Crescent at the Kakuma Refugee Camp where I learnt the basics of nursing and report writing. These experiences while in Kenya made me realize the importance of having nurses in our societies, and this fueled my desire to become one. I hold an excellent academic record that makes me best suited for this scholarship. Currently, I hold a masters degree in Public Health from Michigan State University. I graduated with a GPA of 3.76 from the Michigan State University. While at this university, I actively participated in workshops on gender, women and sexuality. I also hold a Bachelors Degree in Nursing from the York University in Toronto, Canada. I not only graduated as a Deans Honor Roll member but also took extra classes in culture and gender. Among these extra classes were Ghanaian percussion, and intermediate, North Africa and Middle East Dance. Finally, have a degree in Mass Communication from the Kenya Institute of Mass Communication, Nairobi, Kenya. While studying in Kenya, I was involved in a number of projects, including environmental health projects, girl child education and women empowerment. My academic background has helped me interact with people from various backgrounds and enhanced my understanding o f the various issues affecting humanity, including healthcare services. I have also been involved in various volunteer activities that have further helped enhance my practical knowledge and experiences. I currently volunteer at the Suburu

Research report Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 4

Report - Research Paper Example These attempts of ennrching customer insights are highly different across different stores throughout the world (Marks & Spencer plc, 2015). Contextually, the current research demands for a study of customer insights into an organisation, where M&S has been proposed. The reason behind selecting M&S as the organisation for the study is the sector which it belongs to, i.e. retailing. The research of the retail sector would provide superior outcomes to the study, as a wide variety of customers arrive at retail outlets. The retail sector also has a higher number of consumers as compared to any other industry throughout the world. Moreover, it is notable that the consumers spend a significant proportion of time in retail outlets as compared to other outlets. Thus, it is important from the perspective of a researcher to select retail outlets for understanding consumer insights to a large extent (Marks and Spencer plc, 2015). The prime aim of the proposed research is to understand consumer insights in M&S. In this regard, for attaining the aim of the research, it is essential to draw some of the research objectives for the study. The research objectives are listed underneath. For the effective completion of the study, it is important to set some of the research questions. In this regard, it is highly important that the research questions are relevant to the objectives and aim of the study. These research questions are listed underneath. The proposed study involves a unique and decisive research plan, which would significantly support the overall development of the study and the effective completion of the same. In this regard, the correlation between the different variables would be executed (Baker, 2004). In this regard, the variables are selected based on the research questions of the study, which are listed above. Moreover, it is notable that the correlation process would be

Returning to School Essay Example for Free

Returning to School Essay Returning to school was one of the important decisions, I have made about my future. I will be discussing my reasons for returning to school. Such as setting a good example for my children and getting a higher education. Returning to school was a very important decision for many reasons that include setting a good example for my children and carrier advancement. I firmly believe in leading by example, and I want them to see that if I can do it, they can do it as well. I am determined to be the best role model that I can possibly be. My decision in obtaining a Higher education is the key for my present and future as it will be for them. Without it I have gotten about as far as I can with my current employer and I would be left with the feeling as if I have sold myself short. If I get a college education, I will have something to help me get the job that I want and deserve. Even though higher education, Reasons on returning to school because Setting an example for my children and Getting a higher education. I have had several jobs over the years. The majority of them have been in nursing in one form or another, my current job is a Certified Nursing Assistant at a nursing home, and prior to that I was a Certified Nursing Assistant doing private duty for over ten years. I am working towards a Bachelor’s Degree in Healthcare Administration in Long Term Care. I know that once I receive my degree I will be qualified for a variety of jobs. The job that I would like the most would be a Administrator in a nursing home. I want to help others who don’t have the means to help themselves. Most of all I can’t stand seeing elderly people who are not properly cared for, especially those who just don’t seem to care about their well being. This is not the first attempt I have made to return to school, this is actually the second. I tried returning to school once before while working and partying before I had kids. At first everything went fairly well but over a short period of time I realized the work load would prove to be too much. I was working eighty plus hours every two weeks which did not allow for me to have the proper amount of time to spend studying so I had to end up dropping out. Pursuing a degree in Healthcare Administration in Long Term Care can help in many ways. It will help me develop communication skills. After reviewing the description of Healthcare Administration in Long Term Care and talking it over with my academic advisor, I decided to go with it. With this degree I could start my own business. Work for a non-profit organization. Also I could simply decide to pursue a management position with my current employer. I have a wide range of work I can find with this degree. I know I picked the right degree and the right time to return to school. The benefits of obtaining a college degree have been obvious. Getting a higher education to get a better job and higher salary is definitely a benefit. Setting an example and being a role model for my four children is reward enough.

Benefits of Management Studies

Benefits of Management Studies 1. WHAT IS MANAGEMENT? What is management? Management is defined as the process of overseeing and coordinating the activities of other people effectively and efficiently to accomplish the goals of the organization. According to Mary Parker Follett, management is described as the art of getting things done through people, which captures the human dimension of management. During processing management by administering and coordinating works, functions of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling are carried out by using organizational resources. Management is important in existing the organization to achieve the purpose. 2. WHO ARE MANAGERS? What should we call to a person who have administrative and leadership skills? The answer is a manager. Manager is defined as a person who is responsible for overseeing and coordinating the work performance of the organizational members. Hence, managers are required to carry out planning, organizing, leading, and controlling in accomplishment of the goal of organization. According to their scope of responsibility or managerial levels, they are able to know roles, skills and time allocation. 3. WHAT IS AN ORGANIZATION? How about organization? Organization is a managerial context which the management occurs. Yet, organization is defined as a group of organizational members who are responsible to accomplish the same goals. Moreover, organization is a systematic arrangement made up of individuals which is responsible for profit of organization. They should be directed by managers so that the target of the organization can be achieved. Organization would not exist if a specific purpose for the organization did not be targeted. 4. WHY STUDY MANAGEMENT? 4.1 To Study Leadership In learning business, leadership will be studied by students to manage employees in an organization in the future. Leadership is the most important skills for a manager. As managers can possess their strong leadership capabilities, they can lead their employees during the changing of environmental and organizational condition. Therefore, effectiveness and efficiency of activities can be achieved for organizational success. Furthermore, managers would examine the background of their employees and direct the suitable activities for them. Thus, the employee morale would be gained and boosted to achieve the common goal. 4.2 To Increase Teamwork By doing assignment of business studies in college, students will be divided into groups by lecturer due to working and helping among each members in the same group. As the students learnt the importance of teamwork, they can analyze the personalities of others at work in the future. This can reduce the conflict among managers and employees. In fact, teamwork is needed in teams which are segmented by departments nowadays in order to complete their organizational goals. Instead of achieving the higher goal, manager would duel with the others interests in teamwork peacefully. 4.3 To Improve Knowledge In order to run and maintain a business well, students should learn the basic principles of management in those text books. Thus, students will be educated in fact knew more about the managerial roles, skills, and functions when they are working in business or become the manager in the future. Moreover, a good management education is needed in interviewing for an upper-level position. Besides working, principles can be brought into life by giving real life examples to student. Hence, students may learn to manage everything effectively and efficiently in life for the promotion of effective practices in the future. 4.4 To Accelerate Productivity In learning management, students will know how to plan, organize, lead, and control in fact learn to get a productive results on the proper time. Soon, they could know to divide employees into many teams with different roles so that the business would run effectively and efficiently. This is because managers may become productive when they are coordinated in teamwork by discussing those issues and correcting or improving them. Therefore, when the department carries out a new concept, managers can direct strategies with increased productivity and improve their business. 4.5 To Plan Future Of Organization In studying business, students could learn to know rewards and challenges in business. This is important for them to be performed in a dynamic work place where can provide profits and losses for a manager. They would learn to duel with a variety of personalities and to face the uncertainties in the future. Although challenges made managers difficult to motivate works, they could overcome them by gaining or improving rewards. By using their creativity with the help of their knowledge, skills and experiences, they would plan to be rewarded by nurturing the employees work performance in order to achieve the organizational target. 5. CONCLUSION 5.1 Review Clearly, studying management gives advantages to students who will become a manager one day. Students will be educated in studying leadership, increasing teamwork, improving knowledge, accelerating productivity, and planning future for organization. By learning these skills through management, a manager can complete his performance effectively and efficiently to accomplish his organizational goal. Management is being important nowadays because it had been universalized, which means management is needed in organizations, organizational levels, organizational work areas, and size of organization in every countries. 5.2 Reflection Learning in business can improve our management education which can lead us to become an effective manager. So, I hope that students would take course in learning business studies due to the universality of management. Therefore, everyone could work together to increase the improvement and balance the sector of economics. In fact, I hope that everyone would use their creativity widely to complete their works effectively and efficiently in order to accomplish their organizational goals. Hence, this can produce a productive manager in fact improve his countrys image.

Exams Are Unfair Assessments Of Progress :: essays research papers

Exams Are Unfair Assessments of Progress   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most educators believe that exams are the best way to judge a student's ability. They believe that students' ability can be judged depending on the marks or grades that students get in the exams. They also think that studying for exams can help students review and absorb the things they have learned. Actually, many people hate exams because they disagree that exams are realistic tools for rating progress. The three main reasons for me to believe that exams are unfair assessments of progress are: the effects of pressure, the reliability of the exam result and the purpose of study.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First of all, exams cause too much pressure for students. Some students commit suicide before they take an exam because they do not have self-confidence to face to the exam. Some students commit suicide after their exams because they can not get good marks in their exams and they can not stand the pressure of their parents. In addition, many students usually forget all of the things that they have already learned when they are taking their exams because they are too nervous, but they can remember all the things again after they finish their exams. Also, many students suffer insomnia because they are too worry about their exams. They do not have enough sleep, so they can not do well in their exams. Secondly, the exam results of the students are not reliable. Some students cheat in the exams. For example, they just copy the answers from their cheating papers to their answer sheets. Although their answers are correct, they do not really know the answers. Also, some student guess what questions might appear in the exams and only study that part of the course material. They can get good results in their exams without studying hard if they are lucky. Furthermore, many students get poor results in the exams because they do not have enough time to finish the exam papers, but not because they don't know the answers. The marking standard of examiners is also very unsteady. Sometimes, the marking standard might depend on the emotion of the examiners.

High Reliability Organizations Essay -- Safety, Security, Hazard

In recent years, many organizations particularly in a high risk industry have experienced significant losses. For this reason, they have been more considered the importance of the concept 'High Reliability Organization' (HROs). Weick and Sutcliffe (2001) as cited in Takagi and Nakanishi (2006), claim that a comprehending of the HRO concept can lead to clearly understand a technical system within an organization. This leads to minimize any failures from unexpected circumstances. To be more precise, it can be said that the HRO principle assists the organization to determine the risk factors that may negatively affect a company performance in an early stage of a project life cycle. Similarly, Laporte and Consolini (1991) as cited in Aase and Tjensvoll (n.d.) state that any high risk organizations who has applied the HROs principles tend to have an outstanding safety records. This essay will first provide a general overview of HROs concept and then identify five characteristics of mindfulness which are consistently recognized as the aspect of HROs. In the second section, it will introduce the 'Normal Accident Theory' (NAT) by Charles Perrow. Finally, it will highlight the recommendations in improving the current emergency practice to be more effective. Perrow (1986) as cited in Aase and Tjensvoll (n.d.) notes that one of the most important characteristics of HRO is to avoid hazardous operational breakdown. In addition, the impact of such failures can be considered as 'catastrophe' resulting in there are 'complex interactions, highly interdependent technologies and 'tight coupling' within an internal system. Moreover, Weick and Consolini (n.d.) as cited in Haudt, et.al., (n.d.) state that there are five characterist... ...ial approaches which are Normal Accident and HROs, although it seems certain that both of them tends to limit the progression that can contribute toward achieving to highly protective systems. This is because the scope of the problems is too narrow and the potential of the solutions is too limited as well. Hence, Laporte and Consolini et.al., (1991) as cited in Marais, et.al., (2004) conclude that the most interesting feature of the high reliability organization is to prioritize both performance and security by the managerial oversight. In addition, the goal agreement must be an official announcement. In essence, it is recommended that there is a continuing need in the high risk organizations for more awareness of developing security system and high reliability environment in order to gain highly successful method to lower risk in an advance technology system.

Poor Living Conditions and Ill Health Essay -- Social Issues, Minimum

Introduction Over the past quarter century there has been a growing body of support for the importance of understanding the relationship between poor living conditions and ill-health. These conditions have been referred to as the social determinants of health. There has been a strong push amongst policy makers to study the non-medical determinants of health as opposed to the traditional narrow way of thinking with regards to medical treatments or lifestyle choices (Mikkonen, Raphael 2010). Income and income distribution is thought to be the most important of the social determinants of health because it further influences other social determinants of health for example, low-income families are forced to live under circumstances of material and social deprivation which make it very difficult for families to be able to afford the basic necessities of life such as food, clothing and housing (Kekkonen, Raphael 2010). Studies have shown that suicide rates and the onset of many diseases such as diab etes and heart disease is significantly more prevalent amongst low income Canadians than there more affluent counter-parts. One policy that has often been implemented by governments as a means to alleviate poverty and to increase income equality is the minimum wage policy. There has been an ongoing debate over whether increasing the minimum wage is an effective policy to alleviate poverty in society and provide a more equal distribution of wealth or, if it has further negative implications on the working poor due to the effects that minimum wage policies have on employment and the job market. This paper will explore the historical background of the minimum wage and discuss the reasons for its establishment. Both sides to the argument... ...inimum wages when set to meet or exceed Statistics Canada’s Low Income Cut-Off can help ensure that all workers receive at least a fair and just wage for their labour (Goldberg, green 1999). One’s level of income determines their overall living conditions and this determines a number of other social determinants of health such as food security or housing. Inappropriate minimum wages and income inequalities lead to material and social deprivation which further leads to poor health because the basic needs for health such as food, clothing and housing cannot be afforded. Policies to reduce poverty such as increasing minimum wages appropriately to meet the true costs of living needs to be addressed by governments and policy makers immediately and this will also help to alleviate cost pressures on our healthcare system (Raphael, Mikkonen).

Revenue Management Essay

The science and expertise of forecasting immediate consumer demand at the micro-market stage when optimizing cost and accessibility of your goods is called as revenue Management. The implementation of RM philosophy is indefinite, and has the prospective to yield remarkable stages of revenue. Enterprises that have used RM procedures have seen profits rising greatly by 7 percent exclusive of incorporating considerable sum of capital overheads, providing outcome in a revenue growth by 50 percent to 100 percent. The general structure of Revenue Management permits supervisors to more intensely monitor the business activities of consumers, so placing cost and product accessibility regulations to attain considerable revenue growth. While applied in its high-tech means, Revenue Management is a disciplined method which facilitates corporations to employ enormous quantity of consumer information to dynamically predict client activities at the micro-market stage. In all views, the purpose of RM is to trade the perfect goods to the right client at the correct time for the accurate cot, thus getting the most out of revenue from the corporation’s production range. Revenue Management gives importance to increase revenue, not on expenditure minimizing and downscale. It also compels the outcome and recovers the top-line too. Revenue Management is a sole intellectual endeavor to look for revenue prospects which might not be eagerly visible to others. In its most refined structure, RM is a stimulating mixture of promotion and expertise, making use of rocket science mathematics. The secret functioning of Revenue Management gives importance on a corporation on beneficial revenue increase. It facilitate your business recognize customer tradeoffs and attain market power. RM Practical functions On a realistic note, Revenue Management is a micromanagement device which allows corporations to diffuse loads of distinct marketing data into strategic insights; permit them to obtain benefit of the short-term openings of the marketplace. RM is not a PC arrangement, but somewhat an incorporated set of trade procedures which merge public and organizations with the objective of recognizing the market, forecasting consumer activities, and reacting rapidly to make the most of opportunities that at hand themselves. RM is a policy which can be applied effectively at stages without tech, lower tech and advanced-tech. The much significant is to adjust a Revenue Management agenda of suitable range and extent. Whatsoever that is, the initial level in execution a Revenue Management resolution is to assemble as much statistics as feasible regarding customer activities and market conditions. It has to be assembled, accumulated, organized, inspected, and then scrutinized. Then, the implementation of complicated quantitative estimation of procedures requires to be executing to permit you to forecast upcoming consumer behavior. To formulate logic of the confusion and ambiguity, a PC system that reproduces demand elasticity, cost variation for components, demand/cost variations, stock businesses, and aggressive measures have to be executed to support in evaluating possible results of definite marketing and production assessments prior these decision are fulfilled. Nevertheless, generating the model software and having it acknowledged by the corporation as a judgment device is not a simple scheme. It engage varies the business customs, assembling and investigating a unique quantity of information, and demanding well-known marketing and transaction practices, also as management attitudes. Not to refer to bring in estimating programs which can calculate and suggest customer activities? Such methods as various kinds of diverse failure that can form the whole production series from customer demand throughout allocation of the goods by means of routes. The RM device which facilitates you to make judgment on information, not assumption, is recognized as fact-based prediction. It is necessary to forecast customer behavior if you are using methods to develop opportunities in the market. More precise prediction indicates enhanced production assessments, and enhanced trade judgment stand for increasing revenue. A right sales estimation ought to be a forecasting of that will occur independent of what you believe will come about and nearly all, what you feel like to take place. Major expansion has been made in the function of numerical facts study to establish more correct sales predictions of upcoming market pattern. Such trading predictions give a separate, impassive vision of the marketplace. Good-quality sales prediction diminishes the ambiguity about the expectations, and fantastic sales predication exchange this doubts into likelihood. Numbers of management members consider their markets are so volatile and disorganized where vision changes so rapidly that it is difficult to predict what will take place. This is a offensive apology for not desiring to counter the truth of their company and the marketplace. Each executive has to involve himself in few forecasts regarding his or her production to compute logical assessments. These might be depending on either perception or individual interpretation; however they have to reveal some sort of market and manufactured goods evaluation. Human being, for the majority part, are terrible predictors, in respect to both deliberate and accidental preconceptions. Later, the most important human restriction is our incapability to absorb the enormous and rising number of facts concerning our consumers and our markets particularly as they grow to be more parts. Luckily, credit goes to PCs, this restriction can be mainly conquered, making perfect likely sales predictions. There is no reason how dominant the tools, there will at all times be some fault in the sales projection, as customer conduct will never be 100 percent according to our expectation. There will forever be the requirement for people to recognize and understand the statistical evaluations computed by computers to decrease prediction faults. The most important thing for first-class sales predictions is to apply human perception and methodical means, an arrangement of art and science-to identify the best achievable sales anticipation that facilitate the best potential results. Regrettably, lots of corporations regularly reject past sales information. Data regarding the customer actions is a precious business asset which can expose customer activities, the consequences of opponent’s measures, and other significant market data. You must have all type of evidences, for the reason that the exclusion of these factors cannot drive to RM judgment. Revenue Management for a Hotel Revenue management for a hotel is the phenomenon of making use of earlier activities and existing stages of reserving doings to predict demand as perfectly as probable to get the most of revenue (Inge, 1998; Smith, 1999). It rising revenue by using some disciplined strategies which anticipate customer conduct, optimize to obtain goods and cost (Cross, 1997). Companies who have take advantage of RM methods have observe revenues growth by 7 percent and not including others total of expenses in respect of capital, follow-on in a 50 percent to 100 percent raise in revenues (Chase, 1999). Revenue management comprises of two tactical matters: interval management and costing depend on demand (Kimes et al. , 1998). Kimes (2003) explained the hotel business into anticipated -interval and variable-cost level. The hotel business can manage duration and have lot of costs. To attain revenue growth by using revenue management, hotels must make costing further variable and consumers make use of a hotel’s utilities more foreseeable. At the time of climax demand duration in the hotel industry, accommodation happen to accessible just to consumers who are ready to give higher charges, whereas all through lower demand duration, accommodation turn into accessible to everyone and at concessional charges. When demand goes over capability, revenue management suggests that the hotel trade the some degree of ability just to the most gainful mix of consumers. When competence goes beyond demand, though, revenue management advises that the hotel encourage demand for the subtle room stocks which would on other hand remain unsold by giving reduction in prices. When diminishing these costs, hotels have to check consumers who would give higher charges from manipulating concessional charges supplying the RMS with a few regulations (Choi and Mattila, 2004). The coming date in the week is usually a policy applied for hotels. In a hotel industry, consumers who reach at the hotel on such days except weekends are generally business customers, who are keen to give higher costs than those people who just come for relaxation, and they usually reach in weekends and tend to get discounted rates. As a result, proposing price reduction by the time they reach in any day of week makes sure that business traveler cannot get benefits from reducing rates offering to promote hotel business among leisure visitors. The other policy which is generally used is related to span of living in hotel. Visitors who reside at the hotel just on peak days have to pay higher costs of accommodation as compared to those who stay not just on hectic days however also on other days about the peak days. Sometimes, it is good to refuse room demands for only peak days, but acknowledge requests for both peak and week days at reducing charges. This facilitates the hotel to increase profit for the whole period relatively than just for peak demand duration. Costing principle also include reservation date as one of its clause. This principle is a better mean of differentiating among visitors as whether come for relaxation or business purpose. Leisure visitors be likely to reserve their rooms far earlier than their visit, while business visitors reserve the rooms just few days early in advance of visit In order to encourage more visitors of hotels during leisure business for normal weekends, hotels provide reducing and concessional charges of rooms to consumers who book their rooms earlier to their arrival. They restricted the facility of discounts for the business visitor’s close by the day of reaching there. As consequences of using revenue management to the hotel industry, it is currently general for diverse consumers to be asked diverse rates for the similar kind of room at the identical hotel, in relation to duration of stay and days of the week. It is very common for the similar consumers that they paid diverse rates of the same room in identical hotel but for different period of interval. Key to Successful Revenue Management Prediction based on statistical data and optimizations are the tasks of a revenue management procedure which determine it separately from any other industry function. They are the back bone of the marketing division, and with exclusion of prediction about sales and optimization mechanism, the Revenue management practice would only be precious as a huge company data stockroom. Nonetheless, the factual worth of the information is in applying it to forecast consumer activities and concluding what measures to employ to increase revenue. This is what prediction on statistical data and optimization which permits at the micro-market stage. Anticipating customer behavior in a composite market is difficult. Preferably, you must obtain a foreseeing device which uses as much as 100 percent of the industry’s trading history of not less than period of past 12 months. Furthermore, you must include exceptional and past developments into the prediction in respect to persistent behavior. at last, you must alter the projection with regard for natural impacts (or inactions) by the firm which might have acted upon the prior consignment systems, likewise sales advertisings, marketing, and costing approaches. For instance, if your firm launches a latest sales advertisement and the goods sold out, there may have been requirement further than what is appear in the trading information. The demand has to be â€Å"unrestrained† in a sense for what the industry would have obtained if you had a sufficient provision of goods around throughout the sales marketing. Sales prediction is simple, but obtaining good quality prediction is very hard. Additionally, revenue development needs grouping of consumers into the contracted feasible groups to know their uniqueness, as well as buying behavior, observation of the good, and eagerness to pay. All of that compose even more complicated to anticipate with any stage of exactness. Information based prediction recommends what consumer will buy is depend on real data of promotion, not spontaneous presumptions. Optimization recommends what you have to perform about it. Optimization methodology is not any special process rather a mathematical practice which will either increase or decrease a given task. For profitable projects, we want to reduce expenses and rising revenues. Optimization is called as estimating numerous decisions as to whom these goods should be traded. You require bringing into play information study tools to find out the unused revenue prospective of the market for your resultant or service. This includes three fundamental levels: 1. collect data: Use a logical way to interrogate management and gather information on revenue production and organization behaviors. 2. Execute simulation investigation: evaluate all on hand records to expose unseen revenue prospective through the automated ambition of real trading situations and organization procedures. 3. Review price versus advantages: Detail revenue and further advantages versus the prices of various components of RM. Yield Management in the hospitality business Yield management has been broadly studied in kindness text. Several definitions define the link among this management technique and maximization of revenue. ‘Revenue management is the functions of disciplined strategies that foresee customer conduct at the micro-market stage and which optimize accessibility of goods and cost to increase revenue’ (). ‘Yield management is a technique used to raise revenue which intend to enhance net yield with the help of the anticipated distribution of vacant bedroom facility to fixed market divisions at optimum cost’ (). Management of revenues engages organizing consumer demand. Various tactical bars have to be implemented to the degree of enhancing hospitality activities and therefore profits; Costing that depends on demand is also among one of these. (Kimes and Wirtz, 2003). diverse rates are charged to various consumers based on demand; costing biases is experienced to consumers utilizing the similar good simultaneously, diverse product all at once, similar good at dissimilar occasion, or diverse product at diverse interval. Variable costs in keeping the demand stages are the source of profit. A costing that depend on demand allows development of the consumers division; those consumers with a lower affordability to pay, who are probably consumers to take a hotel space, cafe chair, etc. , are allowable to purchase at a low cost contrast with those consumers who can afford much more; raise in consumers resulting an increase in revenues and earnings. Complete information about consumer demand is required for the accomplishment of a yield management plan (Desinano, Minuti and Schiaffella, 2006). This is attained with past information on demand, demand projection, reservation behaviors, termination and not displaying for different market divisions. An essential condition for yields management is Market segmentation which is not basically a concessional scheme, but a technical function of price discrimination associated to diverse customer’s methods of obtaining goods. The assumptions of yield management look as if it takes all the characteristics to generate positive outcome on the declaration of earnings. The structure runs division of stock, cost, span and consumer; the information of consumer’s demand attributes and its management with a systematic set of strategies can signify a significant worth for those corporations who undergo from uneven demand. Economic theory and yield management This segment is based to the monetary assumption on demand, supply and cost on which technical yield management is depended. One key issue in administering a hospitality production is the financial rule of price elasticity of demand; one more is the application of yield management methods (Barlow, 2003). Costing and competence management rules require to be take care of using an efficient technique; costing is a mean used to marketing and altering demand, but to arrive at consumers it is essential to segment, predict and administer demand, as done by the source revenue management. Supply and demand for businesses are associated by cost; fiscal assumptions concerned with hospitality goods indicate that costs affect the demand for that production (Relihan, 1989). The worth of a product is a negotiation among production side and market area; it is based on firms’ price composition, market allocation and contesting circumstance (Fazzini, 2008). Edgar (2000) believes the optimal cost as concerned by two factors: market supposed cost and ability to purchase, and firm marginal expenditures. Standard assumptions of demand set up the characteristics of the association among cost and demand; commonly, if the cost of a production raises, the associated demand decline and vice versa; the linear relationship exit between cost and demand. The rules of the demand curve are the fundamentals of the principles of yield management; decreasing and increasing costs and alteration in demand. Hospitality business is related to a large series of consumers, with dissimilar discrimination towards the cost; this feature indicates elasticity of demand based on costs which evaluate the change in percentage of quantity demanded and the change in percentage of cost. The leisure time part is considered to be more elastic compared to the business one, that is, the alteration in percentage of quantity demanded significantly measure up to with the deviation in cost. Yield management tactics attempt to focus precise markets and form greatly inelastic markets give whole quota. The fiscal principles of supply is depend upon marginal theory of price, that determine the optimal amount of product at the stage where the cost of goods is the same as the marginal price of that good, in that as invention raise, marginal price also raise and cost should also raise simultaneously to attain the aforesaid equal opportunity (Besanko and Braeutigam, 2002); thus the amount of a good delivered is positively proportional to the cost. The supply schedule indicates that a raise in cost resulted to a raise in amount delivered as producers are presented to recommend more creation; the association among supply and cost is reverse to that of demand, so the equilibrium of cost will be the obtain on market sources intersection. (Frank, 2008). The hospitality good is permanent in the short term, thus merging demand and supply is a crucial concern to be administered; on one side firms are likely to increase charger per unit of hospitality, on the other side the state of affairs of oversupply decreases costs in an effort to sell consumable resources. The procedure of costing can be diverse, including all domestic prices and exterior components like opponent and demand, and decides the nature of the business to be positive concerning the constant efficient, societal and surroundings variation.

How Did Hindenburg Undermine German Democracy in 1925-33? Essay

Paul von Hindenburg was the second president of the Weimar Republic, who had led Germany through economic prosperity of the Golden Age under Stresemann (1924-9), but also the series of severe crisis ranging from nationwide political revolts (1919-23) to worldwide economic depression (1929), that have influenced the Reichstag as a whole. For the first five years after taking office, Hindenburg fulfilled his duties of office with considerable dignity and decorum. Nevertheless, many claim that with the election of President Hindenburg, German democracy was doomed. There is a certain degree of truth in such statement, for Hindenburg had played a considerable role in undermining the German democracy in his later presidential years, through appointing Adolf Hitler (1933) chancellor of Germany in spite of his awareness of Hitlers dictatorial qualities, and invoking Article 48 under which the government no longer functioned democratically. Hindenburgs biggest mistake was to make Adolf Hitler chancellor of Germany in 1933, for this meant that an era of German elections and parliamentary life had come to an end, and an era of dictatorship and terror was soon to emerge. As the following evidence proves, Hindenburg was clearly aware that giving power to Hitler would be a vital step in the downfall of the Weimar Germany. In 1932, although the number of seats for the Nazis in Reichstag fell from 230 to 197 , it still remained to be the largest Party. Von Papen therefore offered to bring Hitler into his new government by giving him the Vice-Chancellorship. However, Hitler was not tempted and reiterated his desire for the Chancellorship, and would accept nothing less as his aim was complete power, not the sharing of power. When Von Papen put these demands to Hindenburg, and offered a way for Hitler as Chancellor, Hindenburg refused, and Papen, unable to command a majority in the Reichstag had to resign. In consequence, Hitler told Hindenburg he would form a presidential Cabinet, one whose powers would derive, not from the will or votes of parliament, but from the Presidency. Hindenburg could not accept these extraordinary terms and brought his negotiations with Hitler to an end, instructing his State Secretary to write to Hitler:The President of the Reich thanks you for your willingness to become head of a presidential Cabinet. He considers, however, that he would not be doing his duty to the German people if he handed over his Presidential powers to the leader of a  Party which has repeatedly emphasized its exclusiveness, and which has taken up a predominantly negative attitude. In these circumstances, the Present of the Reich cannot help fearing that a presidential Cabinet conducted by you would inevitably lead to a Party dictatorship, bringing in its train of bitter aggravation of the conflicts within the German peopleHindenburg thus turned to a former army officer, General von Schleicher and asked him to take over the Chancellorship. Some may argue that the reason for Hindenburgs dislike of Hitler was rather due to Hitlers personal backgrounds (he was Austrian). However, through Hitlers overly ambitious speeches and rebellious actions against the government shown in the prior years, (e.g. the Munich Beer Hall Pusch 1923) it is certain that Hindenburg was aware giving complete power to Hitler was not a clever idea, as it may inevitably lead to a Party dictatorship and a chaos within the nation. Nonetheless, he ended up giving power to the aggressive leader of the biggest Party of the Reich, undermining the German democracy. If it wasnt Hindenburg who in 1933 became convinced that there was no longer an alternative to Hitler and appointed him the Chancellor due to his advisers who without exception favored a government of national concentration under Hitlers leadership and the rumors that Schleicher was planning a putsch against Hindenburg, the vast human and ecological destruction of the twentieth century could have been avoided. Through Hindenburgs decision of appointing Hitler chancellor, Hitler came to power legally and headed his countrys government. In correspondence to Hindenburgs prediction, Hitler almost immediately forced the German legislature to give up its authority and made himself absolute dictator of Germany, taking the title of Fuhrer in 1934. Due to Hindenburgs decision and his failing attempt to make Hitler his puppet, the Third Reich lasted only 12 years and yet in those few years the history of Germany and the world changed under the influence of one man. Prior to Hitlers gain of power, Hindenburgs usage of Article 48 during his presidential years was also a significant factor which undermined German democracy. In 1930 Hindenburg appointed Bruning chancellor and agreed to sign presidential emergency decrees under Article 48 if the government faced opposition in the Reichstag. Therefore under Hindenburgs governing and Brunings chancellorship the government no longer functioned democratically  as Bruning relied on the presidents emergency powers to push through the legislation he desired. Article 48 gave the president special rights to issue emergency legislation, but the Reichstag could disapprove the presidents measure later. The president, in turn, could dissolve the Reichstag and call new elections. Thus, Hindenburgs policies were collapsing the German democracy as he represented an abuse of the constitutions emergency powers, which were initially meant to protect the democratic functioning of the constitution, not to disrupt it. Moreover, Hindenburgs failing energy and senility (he was 85 when he got reelected in 1932) made him an easy prey to his rightist advisors as he was heavily influenced by those who surrounded him and was open to their suggestions. Thus the extremist parties were profiting simultaneously from Hindenburgs ineffectiveness and the economic crisis which made enormous gains for the Nazis. After the Reichstag Fire in February 27 1933, Hindenburgs inability to lead the Weimar to the road of peace was proved as he was later agreeing to Hitlers demand of allowing him to use part of Article 48 which stripped people of their civil rights and allowed the police to make arrests without warrant, declaring a state of emergency. Hindenburg, though not fully trusting Hitler, nevertheless signed a Decree for the Protection of the People and the State taking away freedom of speech and assembly. His signature eventually undermined the Constitution and destroyed basic liberties. Hitler was able to take advantage of Hindenburgs senility and under Hindenburg, he and the Nazi Party could rise to full power. The unintentional methods of how Hindenburg undermined German democracy may vary. Among the few, two noteworthy reasons include Hindenburgs constant use of article 48 and his ineffective decision making skills which promoted Hitler as the chancellor of the Weimar Republic. However, it is inappropriate to hold him the most responsible character for the collapse of Weimar, for the constitutions downfall was due to numerous interwoven factors such as the instable social, economic and political aspects during the period 1929-33. Indeed, the tragic fate of German democracy cannot be attributed to any one major factor, because to single out any one factor ignores the complexity of the situation. Nonetheless the second president of the Weimar Republic, Paul Von Hindenburg, in spite of all the achievements  he had made in his early years, still remains to be regarded as an unimpressive leader who had given power to the brutal dictator—Adolf Hitler. The German democracy was thus doom ed with his decision, for Hitler neither took nor gained power through elections, but was given power by Hindenburg, a man with growing senility and disinterest in politics. http://en.allexperts.com/e/p/pa/paul_von_hindenburg.htmA History of the Twentieth Century, Martin Gilbert, p. 818A History of the Twentieth Century, Martin Gilbert, p. 818A History of the Twentieth Century, Martin Gilbert, p. 818A History of the Twentieth Century, Martin Gilbert, p. 819Germany A New History, Hagen Schulze, p. 243Exploring World History, John R. O Connor, p.556http://www.colby.edu/personal/r/rmscheck/GermanyD7.htmlhttp://www.colby.edu/personal/r/rmscheck/GermanyD7.htmlhttp://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/paul_von_hindenburg.htmhttp://www.studyzones.com/questionzone/detail.cfm?objectid=3F9B3DE7-8988-11D7-B24D00B0D049C8DF

Macroeconomics Essay

If an economy produces final output worth $5 trillion, then the amount of gross income generated by that production: is $5 trillion 2. Which of the following would not be Ian expenditure on a final good or service? a medical clinic’s purchase of flu vaccine 3. Which of the following would be included in GDP? payment of the monthly telephone bill by Mr. Laconic 4. Consumption in the expenditures approach to calculating GDP includes: purchases of medical services at the local clinic 5. Which of the following is not considered a component of investment when alculating GDP? purchases of corporate stock 6. Which of the following is not included in GDP? interest payments on the national debt 7. Which of the following would not increase U. S. GDP? increased shipments of Ghanian cocoa to the United States on Greek vessels 8. A farmer grows wheat and sells it to a bakery for $5. The bakery bakes the wheat into bread, which it sells to a distributor for $20. The distributor sells the bread to a supermarket for $30, which sells the bread to customers for $50. Which of the following is true? The supermarket contributed more, in value added, than the bakery. 9. The simple circular flow model shows that: households are on the supply side of the resource market and the demand side of the product market 10. Suppose that the economy is in equilibrium with a trade deficit and that saving is greater than investment. According to the circular flow model, the government’s budget: must be in deficit 1 1 . Which of the following statements is true regarding leakages and injections? Since leakages equal injections, aggregate income equals aggregate expenditure. 2. Which of the following is an injection into the circular flow? transfer payments 13. Which of the following would not be included in the measurement of GDP? transactions in the underground economy 14. GDP is a poor measure of social well-being because: the value of leisure time is not counted in GDP 15. Given the following hypothetical data: C = $3,000; I = $1,200; G = $2,000; X- M $500; depreciation = $200; transfer payments = $800, net domestic product is: $5,500 16. Limitations of the national income accounting system include: valuing all output t its market price regardless of whether it contributes to a society’s economic welfare 17. The price index in the base year always equals: 100 18. Exhibit 01 Product Bread Gum Quantity in market basket 10 5 50 Price in base year $1. 00 1. 00 0. 20 current year $1. 50 2. 00 0. 50 Use the information in [Exhibit 01] to calculate the consumer price index in the current year. CPI = 200 19. If real GDP in a particular year is $5,000 trillion and nominal GDP in that same year is $4,000 trillion, then the: GDP price index is 80 20. A major difference between the CPI and the GDP price index is that the CPI includes: a sample of goods consumed, including imported goods, and the price index includes all domestically produced goods 21 . In double-entry book keeping system of GDP: the value of output produced must equal the value of resource payments generated in producing that output 22. Gross Domestic Product measures the: market value of all final goods and services produced by resources located within a nation regardless of who owns those resources 23. The value of the films produced in the United States starring Charlie

“Point Shirley” by Sylvia Plath Essay

Sylvia Plath is an American writer whose well-known poems are carefully written pieces distinguished for their personal imagery and intense dialogue. Written in 1960, â€Å"Point Shirley† is a poem in which the details are more important than the actual time and place that the events occurred. Sylvia Plath is an American writer whose best-known poems are carefully crafted pieces noted for their personal imagery and intense focus. She was born in Massachusetts in 1932 and began publishing poems and stories as a teenager. By the time she entered Smith College, Plath had won several poetry prizes that led to her becoming a Fulbright Scholar in Cambridge, England. However, on February 11, 1963, Sylvia Plath committed suicide due to problems existing within a troubled marriage. Her novel, The Bell Jar, was first published under her own name in the United States in 1971, despite the protests of her family. Plath’s Collected Poems, published in 1981, won the Pulitzer Prize. Throughout her short life, Plath loved the sea. She spent many of her childhood years on the Atlantic coast just north of Boston. This seascape provides the source for much of her later poetic imagery, among these is â€Å"Point Shirley†. In Sylvia Plath’s â€Å"Point Shirley,† she tries to create a vivid image in the reader’s mind as to what the New England coast looks like. In doing so, she sends a depressing image that helps to set the tone for the next stanza where her grandmother is found dead. In the absence of the grandmother, the sea is slowly breaking down the house. Although the aggressive sea is unable to destroy the house in the grandmother’s presence, it does begin to wear down after the absence of the grandmother sets in. The title of the poem is simply to let the reader know where the story is taking place. However, it is not very important if the exact location of the poem is known, because Plath’s purpose for writing the poem can still be expressed without knowing this. The title does show a hint of what the poem is about, however, because any location name that is preceded by the word â€Å"point† can usually be assumed to be on the beach. The speaker, Sylvia Plath, plays a very important role in the poem as she is writing it about her grandmother. Through the way that she describes the house coping with the brutality of the sea, she is complimenting her grandmother’s stubborn attitude, which Plath had admired. Plath has a loving memory of her grandmother and much of this memory comes from the house. She is almost complaining about the sea removing the memory of her grandmother as time goes on. Throughout the poem, Plath describes the sea in a way that makes it seem alive. The ferocity of the sea seems to be purposefully tearing down the house. This type of personification allows the reader to develop the idea that there is nothing to stop the sea and that, over time, the house and memory of the grandmother will be gone. Sylvia Plath is obviously very upset with the death of her grandmother and is using her poetry to express her feelings about her. She labels her grandmother as stubborn but loving, and does not ever want to forget her. However, as time passes, the memory of the grandmother is fading away along with the house. As a reader, this writer can personally identify with the setting of this poem, as I have grown up on the New England coast. For example, I can relate with the quahog chips mentioned in the first stanza because they covered many of the beaches I frequented as a child. The vivid details used to describe the rough sea reminds me of the many stormy days that I lived on the beach as the waves crashed against the beach. I believe that being able to identify with the setting helps the reader feel the emotion that Plath is trying to express.

Identifying a problem Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Identifying a problem - Assignment Example According to various research based articles that describes qualitative, descriptive as well as longitudinal analysis of obesity problem, the major causes of obesity include heavy smoking, poor eating habits and lack of body weight management strategies (Marchiondo, 2014). A number of statistical information also indicates that obesity is one of the leading disorders resulting into many death cases in many communities in the United States (Weiss, Weisser, & Salario, 2014). This is due to the fact that, one of the major problems affecting older nurses currently is the problem of obesity. Despite this, there are various interventions that can help in reducing the problem among the nurses (Marchiondo, 2014). A number of research studies also indicate that nurse’s proper regular exercise and healthy living lifestyle practices are very effective in controlling, reducing as well as preventing obesity and overweight cases among patients (Marchiondo, 2014). In that sense, those who involve in regular exercise are less likely to be affected by overweight as compared to those who lacked the motivation to involve in regular exercises and healthy living styles (Marchiondo, 2014). It is also important that those who are affected by obesity to involve in proper sleeping habits as well as healthy eating habits reduce the chances of obesity and overweight among them (Newman, 2009). Therefore, this paper will mainly discuss the problem of obesity increase and overweight challenges in various clinical conditions and environments in health care system industry in United States. The paper will also provide various impacts of obesity in relation to patient’s health care safety system. Finally, the paper will discuss a number of solutions that can be used to reduce the problem of obesity among health workers such as nurses in clinical institutions in the United States. The problem of obesity and overweight mainly originates from poor healthy habits resulting

Marketing the Fashion Product Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing the Fashion Product - Essay Example The essay "Marketing the Fashion Product" talks about the successful marketing strategy of the biggest clothes retailer in the United Kingdom Marks and Spencer (M&S). The lingerie market has grown steadily over the past decades with the United Kingdom experiencing consistent growth. M&S have grown consistently with new designs, innovative practices to record huge volume of sales in the last 5 years. â€Å"The total UK lingerie market was worth an estimated  £2.93bn in 2010, increasing by 17.8% over the 5-year review period.† M&S underwear brands consist of ‘Autograph’, ‘Per Una’ and ‘M&S Woman’ for women. For men it is ‘Autograph underwear’, ‘collezione’. Marketing has always been the nucleus of any business. There is no other alternative to reach the customers than a proper marketing plan and execution. The companies need to reach out to the customers and offer them the best services and quality at competitive prices. It is not necessary for M&S to provide cheap products as quality is the key to the underwear market segment where comfort counts. The twofold goal of marketing is to attract new customers by promising superior value and to keep and grow current customers by delivering satisfaction. The 7P marketing mix is a scientific account of the key areas of marketing which are Product, Price, place, promotion, packaging, positioning, and people. The idea of marketing mix is the same idea as mixing a cake. A baker will alter the proportions of ingredients in a cake depending on the type of cake he/she wishes to bake. The proportions in marketing mix can be altered in the same way and can differ from product to product.† (GCSE,2001) Product selling is a critical area where the customer habits and trends decide whether they want to purchase the product. Quality and innovative design are key factors where the marketers need to equip themselves with answers to critical questions as to the marketability and the acceptability of a product. Product demand and the trend of the market will decide on the sale of the product. M&S have the uniqueness in them where their innovative designers are constantly researching on the aspect of giving the customer an out of the box design. The body shape wear designed by their experts were special for the customers where they welcomed it and very soon it became the trend setter for the underwear brands. Apart from the core product selling, after sales services are also an important segment of product selling as it gives an element of trust to the company. Price is the second P of the

What impact did the Crusades have in Europe with respect to the Essay

What impact did the Crusades have in Europe with respect to the relationship between the Christian and the Islamic cultures - Essay Example For the good or bad, crusading movement had a lot of effects to the Muslims and Christians. According to Duiker & Spielvogel and Stearns, they argued that crusades affected the social upheaval. Whereas crusades promoted church authority in Europe, they also raised a lot of social chaos. It was more intense in Holy land than any other place. Between 1090 and 1290, several cities in the Holy land exchanged hands between the Christians and Islamic invaders, usually with a lot of violence involved. For example, in 1099, the crusaders overran the city of Jerusalem and carried out an intensive massacre of children, women and men. The same group went ahead to stir up unrest in the entire continent of Europe. It was then acceptable to persecute and kill Jews, especially those who were against the church. Crusades had also a significant impact on cultural exchange. Although there were fights between the crusades and those against the church, European cultures influenced each other. For instance, Christian invaders came up with European-styled feudal estates within the Holy land to oversee both agricultural production and trade. They also left a significant architectural imprint. They constructed several churches in Jerusalem that enhanced the spread of the gospel. They also built a hospital and a market place where they could trade their products. In making these developments, both the Christians and the Muslims could meet and shared their goods, services or ideas. In the process, there was cultural swap amongst them. However, cultural influence went the other way too. Crusaders were exposed to Arabian products, including dyed cottons, finely-crafted silks and glass. They went with goods of Middle Eastern furniture and some were taken to Europe. Ideological wealth was a significant impact also. They had a lot of impacts on the society that hosted them. Conversely to the common belief, crusades did not

Your pick of this week's news Week8 (responses) Assignment

Your pick of this week's news Week8 (responses) - Assignment Example People need to appreciate the significance of sleep to human body. Buckley and Bradsher argue that the Chinese government denied any involvement of the Chinese people in the mystery of the missing Malaysian airliner. From the arguments, I think it is clear that the Chinese government is attempting to narrow or even rule out the chances of possible suspects that were responsible for the disappearance of the airline, which involves a particular look at a Chinese citizen from the Uighur tribe. In her article, Perlez explains the significance Michele Obama’s tour to China. Michelle Obama toured China accompanied by her daughters and mother. Her hostess was the Chinese first ladypeng Liyuan. I think the reason for the tour was to depict how the United States is sometimes perceived in China, which seems to have a fragile association with America. U.S first lady visited Chinese schools where Americans student learned. From the article, it is easy to locate how the work of first lady in China has evolved over the

Cellular pathology 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cellular pathology 2 - Essay Example The fibrous strands of the fat have indications of small capillaries. The cancerous cells have a nucleus that is larger than a normal cell. The nucleoli of the cells remain prominent and the cytoplasm is intensely colored with pale sports in some regions at the cellular edges (Baba and CÃ ¢toi, 2007). From the description of the above features, the tumor is slightly progressed with features of cellular alterations reaching the deeper subcutaneous tissue and involves other soft tissues including the skin. Normally, malignant soft tissue tumors display a wide range of behaviors. Histopathology is key in the grading and differentiation of these tumors. Some of the parameters that are used in the grading of these tumors include necrosis, histological type, mitotic activity, tumor differentiation, vascular invasion, cellularity and nuclear pleomorphic. In the histo-pathological parameter, grading is done where tumor necrosis is not the defining element of the tumor. In subtype one; epithelioid hemangio-endethelioma, myxoid liposarcoma, well-differentiated liposarcoma and infantile fibrosarcoma make the list in this category. The histological type with mitosis differentiation follows this type. In this category, well-differentiated leiomyosarcoma with less than six mitosis/ 10 HPF are evident. All the above types of tumor categories are included in this stage if their mitotic differentiation is more than six per 10 HPF. In histopathology type 2, there is evidence of necrosis. All tumors that are obviously not in grade three because of the lesser than 15 percent necrosis. In the third grade of the histopathology classification, the necrosis percentage of the tumor tissue is more than fifteen. This is the final stage of the tumor cell. According to this classification, the tumor cells under examination appear to be in the third staging of the histopathological classification described

The Importance Of Financing Smes In Oman - Government Intervention Dissertation

The Importance Of Financing Smes In Oman - Government Intervention - Dissertation Example It is so because the business environment in Oman is different from that of the western countries. Hence, to examine this argument, this research study focuses on the internationalisation approaches followed by the Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Oman. The decision makers of four SMEs in Oman have been interviewed in this research study. The collected data from the interviews and other secondary researches have been analysed using two approaches namely, within case analysis and cross case analysis. The findings obtained from this research study has been compared with the relevant literature on internationalisation process that exists like the theoretical framework of international new ventures (INVs) and the Uppsala School's internationalisation process model (U-model). The findings of this research study suggest that the internationalisation behaviours of SMEs in Oman are not completely different from that of the firms in the western countries. The INVs framework and th e U-model cannot explain the internationalisation process of SMEs in Oman on its own. However both these models have explained the internationalisation patterns in different ways. ... 2.3.2Factors Responsible for Internationalisation by SMEs 22 2.4Internationalisation Procedures by SMEs 26 2.4.1The U-model 26 2.4.2INVs Framework 27 2.5Conclusion 28 CHAPTER 3: Research Methodology 28 2.6Introduction 28 2.7Types of Research 29 2.7.1Qualitative Methodology 29 2.7.2Case Study Research 30 2.7.3Semi-structured Interviews 30 2.8Sources of Data 31 2.9Research Design and Tools 33 2.9.1Construct Validity 33 2.9.2Internal Validity 34 2.9.3External Validity 34 2.9.4Reliability 36 2.10Conclusion 39 3.CHAPTER 4: Findings and Results 39 3.1Introduction 39 3.2Summary of Data 40 3.3Company Backgrounds 40 3.3.1Company A 40 3.3.2Company B 41 3.3.3Company C 42 3.3.4Company D 43 3.4Within Case Analysis 44 3.4.1Company A 45 3.4.2Company B 47 3.4.3Company C 48 3.4.4Company D 49 3.5Cross Case Analysis 50 3.5.1Motives for Internationalisation 50 3.5.2Factors Leading to Internationalisation 51 3.5.3Intensity of Internationalisation 52 3.5.4Resource Base Orientation 52 3.5.5Mechanism of Red ucing Uncertainty 53 3.6Propositions 53 3.7Conclusion 55 4.CHAPTER 5: Conclusion 55 4.1Introduction 55 4.2Conclusions 56 5.CHAPTER 6: Recommendations, Limitations and Scope for Future Study 58 5.1Introduction 58 5.2Limitations and Recommendations 58 5.3Future Scope of the Study 59 References 61 Bibliography 67 Appendices 68 Appendix – 1 (Interview Schedule) 68 1. CHAPTER 1: Introduction There has been an extensive study on the internationalisation process followed by different organisations worldwide. However, the internationalisation process followed by small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) has not received such extensive attention in the 21st century (Forsman, Hinttu, & Kock, n.d.). Market globalization also has a significant impact on these SMEs (Asiedu, & Freeman, 2006, p.2). With

Research paper on emily dickinson with some analysis of her work Essay

Research paper on emily dickinson with some analysis of her work - Essay Example Her poems were marked by very close descriptions of inspirational moments, and moments of happiness. Most of here poems centered around ideas of death and immortality. Her works received severe criticism in the late 19th and early 20th century, but she is now considered as a major American poet by most (Bloom, 9). Before 1861: Only five poems have been dated to be written before 1858 (Pickard, 20). These are more conventional in nature than her later works, and are based on subjects like valentines, her feared of loss of friendship, her missing of her brother. Dickinson’s work showcases her artistic prowess and is centered around a variety of themes. She is often regarded as a transcendentalist as she was deeply inspired by works of Emerson. Her poems had a very intelligent usage of humor, sarcasm, irony, and satire (Wolff, 171). Some of the major themes that can be seen her works include: Morbidity: This theme of her characterized by her interest with topics like illness, dying and death. Her poems describe death by many methods: drowning, hanging, suffocation, premature burial, stabbing and so on. Her sharpest work came in the form of â€Å"death blow from the GOD† and â€Å"funeral in the brain†. These works reflect the starving characteristic of her personality. Her most complex work is based on the principle of death of self because of the loss of hunger for life. Flowers and gardens: Poems written in the early period of her life were characterized by an intelligent blending of her poetry with a bouquet. Farr (1-7) notes that she associates some flowers like the gentians and anemones to youth and humility; while others with prudence and insight. Examples of such work by her include: "My nosegays are for Captives –  / Dim – long expectant eyes –  / Fingers denied the plucking,  / Patient till Paradise –  / To such, if they shd

Effective communication Essay Example for Free

Effective communication Essay Understand the principles of developing positive relationships with children, young people and adults. Explain why effective communication is important in developing positive relationships with children, young people and adults. Effective and good communication is paramount when working with children, young people and adults within a school environment. Maintaining an honest, positive and supportive attitude at all times will help to develop strong relationships and build trust, e.g if a child lacks in confidence and isn’t a good communicator, by having a supportive, caring and positive approach towards them it may then encourage them to confide in you if they have things that concern them. When we communicate we must make sure the person we are talking to feels at ease, using positive body language like nodding, having happy facial expressions and using the right tone to our voice as verbal and non-verbal skills are very important in creating the right impressions. Adults communicating positively with other adults is key to teaching children how they should communicate with each other, as young children will copy adults so you must show them what is acceptable in building positive relationships. Read more:  Reasons for communication  essay If good communication is established between the child, staff and parent/carer then a parent/carer would be more likely to offer support to the school, which will in turn create a positive environment for the child. If you communicate well with other staff members then this will show other adults that you can discuss concerns about a particular child or offer input into lesson planning. Good communication does not happen by chance it is something that needs to be thought about as if communication breaks down or there is a misunderstanding this can lead to ill feeling as the slightest facial expression could be be misunderstood. A key skill to a good communicator is to listen to other peoples views and respect them, even if they are different to yours and work as a team trying to ensure it is a positive environment.

Depression Essay Example for Free

Depression Essay While similar, unipolar depression and bipolar disorder cause different struggles in individuals who have them. Unipolar depression is characterized only by bouts of depression symptoms, while people with bipolar disorder experience the same symptoms in combination with cycles of mania. There are many biological and psychological theories of the causes of unipolar depression, but bipolar disorder has for the most part been studied biologically. Finally, unipolar depression can be treated with medication, therapy, or a combination of both, but bipolar disorder cannot be successfully be treated with psychotherapy alone. Unipolar depression has many possible underlying causes. First, stressful events often occur before an individual experiences unipolar depression. Biological factors include genetics, biochemical factors, brain anatomy, and brain circuits. Upon examination of the family tree of individuals who suffer from unipolar disorder, researchers found that up to 20% of their family struggled with it as well in comparison to 10% of the general population, showing a genetic relationship. Twin studies have shown a 46% incidence of unipolar depression in an identical twin whose sibling suffered from unipolar depression, and only a 20% incidence in fraternal twins, and several genes have been associated with the occurrence of the disorder. The first biochemical factor playing a part in unipolar depression is low activity of the neurotransmitter chemicals norepinephrine and serotonin. Overproduction of the hormone cortisol, normally produced during stressful situations, has also been linked to unipolar depression, along with some tentative theories about chemical deficiencies within neurons. The brain anatomy factors beginning to be seen as influencing unipolar depression are the dysfunction of brain circuits involving the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and Brodmann Area 25. First of the psychological factors influencing unipolar depression is that influenced by Freud and Abraham: it occurs when relationships leave an individual feeling unsafe and insecure. Next, the dwindling of positive rewards in life may reduce constructive behaviors, causing a circle that may be a factor in unipolar depression. Third, viewing events in negative ways may lead to having this disorder. Finally, gender, cultural, and ethnic background may also play a part in the development of unipolar depression. Much of the research into the causes for bipolar disorder is biological. Low serotonin combined with low norepinephrine is thought to cause unipolar depression, but low serotonin and norepinephrine over activity has been linked to bipolar disorder. Transportation of ions in the brain happening too quickly and slowly is theorized to cause depression and mania, and abnormal brain structures such as a small basal ganglia or cerebellum has been connected to bipolar disorder. Finally, family pedigree and genetic linkage studies have shown a relationship between genetics and a predisposition to developing bipolar disorder. Unipolar depression and bipolar disorder are both mood disorders, however individuals suffering from them exhibit different symptoms. Unipolar depression is when an individual only suffers from depression, and they return to a nearly normal mood when it lifts. Symptoms can range from moderate to severe, although the moderate symptoms may still not allow the individual to experience much pleasure. Crying spells often result from unipolar depression because of the feelings of being miserable, empty, and humiliated. Sense of humor reduces and it becomes difficult to experience pleasure, sometimes becoming incapable of experiencing pleasure at all. Unipolar depression can also cause anxiety, anger, and agitation. Motivational symptoms include lack of desire to complete everyday tasks, and a reduced interest in life and desire to commit suicide are common. Depressed people may additionally become less active and productive, stay in bed, speak more slowly, spend more time alone, and hold extremely negative views of themselves. Unipolar depression can cause physical symptoms, the most common being a reduction of appetite and sleep. Those with bipolar disorder experience the same symptoms as unipolar depression during their depressive periods, but also experience manic periods bring a whole new set of symptoms. The first symptom of mania is having feelings that are not proportional to the triggering event. Next, manic episodes bring about a need for excitement. Many projects may get started with little of them finished, and there is no awareness of the overwhelming nature of social style. Behavior during a manic episode often involves quick movements, loud speech, and odd behavior such as giving money to strangers or getting involved in dangerous activities. Finally, mania also causes poor judgment and planning, inflated self-esteem, and extreme energy. Biological treatments for unipolar depression include electroconvulsive therapy, or ECT, antidepressant drugs, and brain stimulation. ECT delivers volts of electricity through the brain, causing brain seizures that can be therapeutic. MAO inhibitors are an example of antidepressant drugs used to treat unipolar depression; they block the breakdown of norepinephrine, increasing its activity and reducing symptoms. Tricyclics block the neuron reuptake process, increasing neurotransmitter activity, and SSRI’s can increase serotonin and norepinephrine activity. Vagus nerve stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and deep brain stimulation are all brain stimulation techniques also used to treat unipolar depression. Psychodynamic treatments for unipolar depression include various methods of free association, and behavior treatments add pleasurable activities to a client’s life, rewards pleasurable events, and trains clients in social skills. Cognitive treatment is a cognitive-behavioral therapy, using behavioral methods in combination with trying to change negative thinking. Finally, sociocultural treatments include interpersonal therapy, couple therapy, and cultural-sensitive approaches. Treatment for bipolar disorder includes the use of lithium, other mood stabilizers, and adjunctive psychotherapy. Lithium and other mood stabilizers are more effective in treating manic episodes, though they also treat depressive episodes. However, exactly how they work is not fully known. Antidepressants can be used in combination with the mood stabilizers, but there is â€Å"an unfavorable cost/benefit ratio for antidepressant treatment of bipolar depression† when used alone. (S, Rosenquist, Ko, Baldassano, 2004). Psychotherapy is used in addition to mood stabilizing medication to increase the likelihood of their success, but it is rarely effective as a treatment on its own. In conclusion, bipolar disorder is like an extended version of unipolar depression, as those with bipolar disorder experience depressive symptoms in addition to their episodes of manic symptoms. There is not one blanket cause for either disorder; rather each individual case must be evaluated separately and receive its own treatment plan. Unipolar depression has more treatment options because therapy or medication is not always required, but a combination of medication and therapy is usually most successful in treating both bipolar disorder and unipolar depression.